ALINTIDIR- Sizlere faydalı olacağını düşünerek paylaşıyoruz, kaynak belli değildir.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSETIME CLAUSE1. TANIMTime Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tümcelerde, ana tümce ile yan tümcede kullanılan tense uyumlu olmalıdır. Yani,PRESENT« PRESENT I never forget to pray before I go to bed. PRESENT«FUTURE She will be there when I arrive at the airport. PAST«PAST When we got there, the film was over.Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına bir tek since uymamaktadır.PRESENT« PAST I have known him since I left school.2. TIME BEFORE2.1. Until/Till
| KULLANIMI
until/till + ad / tümce / Ving ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1] ad + -E kadar [2] |
He
worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]
| Cilalamayı
tamamlayana kadar sabırla çalıştı. |
Until
the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
Until ve by sözcüklerinden hangisinin kullanılacağı
konusu çeviri ya da İngilizce yazma/konuşma esnasında bir tereddüt konusu
olabilmektedir.
Until belirli bir zamana kadar süren bir olay ya da
durum için kullanılır.
I
have to keep writing until the end of next year.
By belirli bir zamanda ya da o
zamandan önce oluşan bir olay için kullanılır.
My
book will be finished by the end of next year.
Burada belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta
da, by sözcüğünün zaman yapılarında bu tür kullanımında hiçbir zaman bir
conjunction olarak kullanılamaması, yani, ardından bir S+V+(O) yapısının
gelememesidir.
I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece
"ET".
A. after
B.
by the time
C.
in case
D.
until
E.
while
The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... .
A. as they have heard the weather forecast.
B.
by the time the mist settles
C.
since the time the weather conditions changed
D.
until the sea was calmer
E.
whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail
2.2. Before
| KULLANIMI
before + ad / tümce / Ving ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -mEdEn önce yüklem + -DEn önce |
They
left before the door was opened.
Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ......
A. theory of evolution was not fully understood
B.
movements within the earth's crust have been measured
C.
the necessary equipment has been provided
D.
the measurements were not sufficiently accurate
E.
the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully understood
2.3. By the time
| KULLANIMI
by the time + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -EnE kadar |
They
will have gone by the time we arrive.
Kullanım özelliği:
ð
|
by the
time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)
by
the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous) |
By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct
before it is too late.
A. had done/would have gone
B.
has been done/will go
C.
is done/will have gone
D.
was done/had gone
E.
will be done/have gone
By ile by the time farkı:
ð
|
by + |
3. SAME TIME
3.1. As
| KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ (tam) ... -(i)ken |
As
she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.
3.2. As long as / So long as
| KULLANIMI
as long as/so long as + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -DIğI sürece/müddetçe |
I'll
love you as long as I live.
3.3. While/Whilst
Bu sözcüklerden whilst çok resmi
yapılarda kullanılabilir.
| KULLANIMI
while / whilst + tümce [1] / Ving [2] ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -(i)ken |
They
came while I was sunbathing. [1]
While
walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]
The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the new
software.
A. before
B.
by the time
C.
in case
D.
though
E.
while
3.4. When / Whenever
| KULLANIMI
when + tümce [1] / sıfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever +
tümce [4] / sıfat [5] ÇEVİRİSİ (her ne) zaman ... -sE yüklem + - DIğI zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DIğI(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkçE |
When
I sleep I always snore. [1]
Please
do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]
Be
careful when lifting this bag. [3]
She
visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]
When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new
factory.
A. was seeing/had hoped
B.
have seen/hoped
C.
saw/would hope
D.
saw/was hoping
E.
see/will hope
Dikkat:
ð
|
Yan tümcede present
perfect tense mümkündür. |
When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long
holiday.
A. had taken/studied
B.
have taken/have been studying
C.
take/study
D.
took/had been studying
E.
will take/am studying
3.5. Now that
| KULLANIMI
now that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ -DIğI için (Hazır) ... yüklem -DIğI [(n)E] göre |
Now
that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.
3.6. Ving
He
came in shouting.
Bu yapıya benzer bir yapıda hiç yüklem
kullanılmamaktadır:
He
came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During
| KULLANIMI
during + ad ÇEVİRİSİ esnasında |
During
the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.
4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After
| KULLANIMI
after + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardından/sonra |
After
he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]
After
finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]
After
the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]
You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so
now listen carefully!
A. after
B.
during
C.
for
D.
since
E.
while
4.2. As soon as
| KULLANIMI
as soon as + tümce [1] / Ving [2] ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz |
As
soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]
As
soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]
Bir eş anlam:
ð
|
as soon
as = the minute |
4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yapı da sık kullanılmaz.
| KULLANIMI
directly / immediately + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz |
She
smiled immediately she heard the news.
İki eş anlam:
ð
|
directly
/ immediately = the moment / the minute |
4.4. Once
| KULLANIMI
once + tümce [1] / Ving [2] ÇEVİRİSİ Bir kez .. yüklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gör- |
Once
I make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]
Once
signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]
4.5. Since
| KULLANIMI
since + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -Den beri/bu yana |
He
feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]
We
haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]
I've
been typing since 12. [3]
I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license
almost ten years ago.
A. after
B.
as
C.
before
D.
for
E.
since
Present perfect konusunda da belirtildiği
gibi ...
ð
|
since +
simple past |
4.6. When / Whenever
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same
time başlığı altında ele alınan when / whenever ile aynıdır.
4.7. Now that
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same
time başlığı altında ele alınan now that ile aynıdır.
4.8. No sooner ... than
| KULLANIM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple
Past ÇEVİRİ Daha yeni/Henüz ... yüklem + -mIştI ki ... |
No
sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.
Çok önemli özellikler:
ð
|
No sooner
+ had + özne + V3 + than ..+ simple past
No sooner ...
yapısında mutlaka than kullanılır.
No
sooner ...
yapısının tümce başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır. |
4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından No sooner ...
than yapısı ile aynıdır.
Çok önemli özellikler:
ð
|
Hardly/Scarcely
+ had + özne + V3 + when ..+ simple past
Hardly/scarcely
yapısında
mutlaka when kullanılır.
Hardly/Scarcely yapısının tümce
başında yer alması durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır. |
4.10. On, upon
Ving başlığı altında
(aşağıda 5 numaralı başlık) ele alınmaktadır.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geçici bir durumu göstermek ve durumun ortaya
çıkardığı sonucu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I
rushed to the door to discover it was locked
tümcesinde to discover yapısı in
order to discover anlamı taşımamaktadır, zira bu anlamı
taşıyor olsa kapının kilitli olduğunu bile bile kapıya gitme söz konusu
olacaktır.
*
Kapının kilitli olduğunu keşfetmek için kapıya koştum.
Bu yapının gerçek karşılığı
...
to discover = and I discovered
yaklaşımı ile
Kapıya
koştum ve kilitli olduğunu farkettim
şeklinde olacaktır.
I
woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
She
turned the corner, to find the car gone.
The
curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.
4.12. yüklem + to + yüklem
Aslında yüklem + and + yüklem şeklinde
kullanılabilecek bir yapıdır ve uzunca bir süreye bağlı bir sonucu ifade eder.
She
lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)
The
show went on to become a great success.
5. Ving
5.1. Same time (= When)
Returning
to the village, I met an old friend.
(On/Upon)
receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.
| |
|
Dikkat:
ð
|
Ving yapısı ile time
ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı
olması gerekir. |
When
I returned to the village, I met an old friend. (= Returning to
the village, I met an old friend.)
..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent
asked us if we would like to see the flat.
A. Tell
B.
Telling
C.
To be told
D.
To tell
E.
Told
The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very
bored when they were finally allowed in.
A. being waited
B.
having waited
C.
to have waited
D.
waited
E.
waiting
5.2. Time after (= When / After)
Having + V3 ya da -ing yapısı ile oluşturulur.
Having
completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had completed
...)
5.3. (By) + Ving
Bu yapı zaman belirtmesinin yanısıra neden de
(= reason) belirtebilir.
By
taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.
5.4. ..., Ving
He
rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he was rising to his
feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)
6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)
Çok önemli özellikler:
ð
|
Edilgen
özellik taşır. Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
(When
it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.
CONDITION CLAUSE
1. IF
1.1. First condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi mümkün
olasılık anlatır.
| KULLANIMI
If + Present, Future / Present tense ÇEVİRİSİ (Eğer) ... -I/Er ise, -EcEk / -I/Er |
If
nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will
have doubled by the year 2005.
DEVRİK YAPI
Should
you see her, give her the message.
If
you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a great deal of
discomfort.
A. would go/would have been spared
B.
have gone/were spared
C.
had gone/would have been spared
D.
were going/have been spared
E.
go/will have been spared
If ile başlayan bölüm (= yan tümce) ile ilgili
önemli bir not:
ð
|
If + |
1.2. Second Condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi pek
mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
| KULLANIMI
If + Simple past, could / would (be able to) / might
ÇEVİRİSİ (Eğer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI |
If
you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.
DEVRİK YAPI
Were
you a man, I'd slap you here and now.
Would
you accept the offer if you ..... in my shoes.
A. are
B.
can be
C.
were
D.
had been
E.
should be
Was yerine were kullanımı önem taşır:
ð
|
If I /
she / you / it / they / ... WERE .... Ayrıca şu yapılara dikkat: Would you mind ...? Do you mind ... ? |
Kim:
I urgently need an envelope for this card.
Tom:
Do you mind if I go and buy you one?
Kim:
.....
Tom:
I'll be back in a minute.
A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please.
B.
Yes, this would be lovely.
C.
No, not at all; most appreciated.
D.
I'd better have an envelope immediately.
E.
Actually, what I need is that one.
Progressive / Continuous kullanıma dikkat:
ð
|
Would
be + Ving è Second
Condition |
She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a luxurious
life.
A. couldn't have led
B.
hasn't been leading
C.
isn't leading
D.
wasn't leading
E.
wouldn't be leading
1.3. Third Condition
Geçmişe ait ve gerçekleşmesi artık mümkün
olmayan olasılık anlatır.
| KULLANIMI
A. If + Past Perfect, would /could / might + have + V3
[1]
B. If + Past Perfect, would / could / might + V1 +
(now) [2]
C. If + would / could + have + V3, would / could /
might + have + V3 [3] ÇEVİRİSİ A. (Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -I/ErdI |
If
he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]
| B.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, (şimdi) ... -I/ErdI |
If
you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]
| C.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -EbIlIrdI |
I
could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]
DEVRİK YAPI
Had
he been more careful, he could have won.
If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift.
A. knew/can give
B.
know/have given
C.
had known/could have given
D.
have known/gave
E.
will know/would give
1.4. If + should
Az gerçekleşme olasılığı gösterir.
If
you should see him, let me know.
1.5. If + happen to
If + should yapısı ile aynı anlamdadır.
1.6. If + were to
Were to yapısı gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı az bir
olayı anlatmada kullanılabilir.
What
would you do if a war were to break out ?
Were to yapısı zorlayıcı bir öneri ifade edebilir.
If
you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly it
..... a global crisis.
A. had/will cause
B.
was/would have caused
C.
will have/causes
D.
were/would cause
E.
would have/had caused
1.7. If it weren't for
Bu yapı olayın bir başka olayı değiştirdiğini /
etkilediğini göstermede "olmasa" anlamında kullanılır.
If
it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.
1.8. If it hadn't been for
If it weren't for yapısının geçmiş zaman
halidir.
If
it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
1.9. But for
If it hadn't been for yapısı ile aynı anlamı
taşır.
But
for you, I could have given up long ago.
1.10. If only (= I wish ...)
A) If only + Past tense
If
only I had more money, I could buy a drink.
If
only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.
B) If only + would / could
Bu yapı istek / amaç belirtir.
If
only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.
If
only he wouldn't snore !
If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so
embarrassed at the supermarket.
A. had taken
B.
have taken
C.
took
D.
would have taken
E.
would take
If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to
offend you.
A. don't interfere
B.
hadn't interfered
C.
haven't interfered
D.
won't interfere
E.
wouldn't interfere
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS
| KULLANIMI
as long as, so long as + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ - DIğI sürece/takdirde |
She
can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.
You
can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things.
A. unless
B.
as long as
C.
although
D.
however
E.
before
3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING
| KULLANIMI
assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + tümce
ÇEVİRİSİ Assuming/supposing -DIğInI varsayarsak/varsayınca Provided/providing -mEsI koşulu ile/-DIğI takdirde |
Assuming
that the journey is likely to take a full day, we may except him any minute.
You
can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.
You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it.
A. as much as
B.
even if
C.
expecting
D.
in case
E.
providing
4. IN CASE
| KULLANIMI
in case + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ -sE diye |
Buy
another bottle of vodka in case more people come.
We should have the car checked before we set out for our holiday
..... something goes wrong.
A. although
B.
before
C.
by the time
D.
in case
E.
while
Bu yapı in (the) case of + ad/Ving
( ... "durumunda") şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
In
case of a fire, use the side doors.
In
case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.
Just in case kullanımı ise "ne olur ne
olmaz" anlamını yansıtır.
"Why
do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case."
5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON
CONDITION (THAT)
| KULLANIMI
in the event that + tümce
just so (that) + tümce
on condition (that) + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ -mEsI durumunda/-DIğI takdirde |
In
the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to
give it.
6. UNLESS
| KULLANIMI
unless + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ -mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda |
I'll
quit unless I'm given a pay rise.
This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him
as if he were a baby.
A. as though
B.
if
C.
in case
D.
unless
E.
when
7. GIVEN
| KULLANIMI
given (that) + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ olsa, -mEsI durumunda |
Given
that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.
Given yapısı "rağmen" anlamını taşıyan
tümce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanılabilir.
8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yapı olarak I wish / He
wishes / .. çeşitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu zamanın seçimi
elbette tümcenin oluşturulduğu duruma bağlıdır.
(Simple
Present)
I'm not
rich. I wish I was/were rich.
I don't
earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot.
She
talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot.
(Present
Continuous)
It's
raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
She is
studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
(Simple
Past)
She
didn't come. I wish she had come.
(Present
Perfect)
He has
lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.
(Will)
You
will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain.
He will
sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing.
ð
|
wish +
simple past / past continuous / would / could = Second condition wish + past perfect = Third condition |
I
wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow.
A. can come
B.
com
C.
could come
D.
had come
E.
would have come
I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day.
A. is dying
B.
died
C.
dies
D.
had died
E.
has died
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "keşke" olarak
aktarılabilir.
PLACE CLAUSE
1. WHERE
| KULLANIMI
where + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -DIğI yerde |
Where
I come from, this is called injustice.
2. WHEREVER
| KULLANIMI
wherever + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ (neresi olursa orada) yüklem + -DIğI her yer(d)e/yerin |
They
went wherever they expected to find work.
CONCESSION CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Although / Though
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın; -DIğI halde
Although
he is young, he is not inexperienced.
Devrik yapı ile de kullanılabilir.
Careful
though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident. (=Although she was ...)
Although ve though
farkı:
ð
|
Though,
tümce içinde
ve sonunda however anlamında kullanılabilir. |
1.2. Even if / Even though
Türkçeye çevirisi although ile aynıdır. Even
if "-sE bile" olarak aktarılabilir.
He
borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.
You
have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
1.3. Whereas
Türkçeye although gibi ya da "...
ise de", "... iken" ile aktarılır.
Whereas
he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
1.4. While / Whilst
Türkçeye although gibi aktarılır.
While
he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace.
1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of /
Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that
Türkçeye "...( gerçeğin)e karşın /
rağmen" ile aktarılırlar.
Despite
the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is
...)
1.6. As
Devrik yapı durumunda "rağmen" anlamı
taşıyabilir.
Tired
as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...)
Change
your mind as you will, you will gain no support. (=Although you may change ...)
Bu yapı Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak
da kullanılabilir.
As sözcüğü yerine that kullanıldığı da
görülür.
Fool
that he was, he made no mistakes.
1.7. As ... as
Bu yapı ender olarak kullanılır.
As
widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the
country. (=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Despite/In spite of
| KULLANIMI
despite/in spite of + ad [1] / Ving [2] ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın ad + -E rağmen / karşın |
He
came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]
He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the many
electric toys he has.
A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with his
plactic toy gun.
B.
Due to the number of his toys, he's having difficulty in choosing between his
plastic toy and electric toys.
C.
He has electric toys as well, but today he is playing with his plastic toy gun.
D.
He may choose to play with his plastic toy gun, but his favourite is his
electric toy.
E.
In spite of playing with his plastic toy gun, he still has some electric toys
as well.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of,
Notwithstanding
| KULLANIMI
irrespective of / regardless of / notwithstanding + ad /
WH ÇEVİRİSİ ad + -E rağmen / karşın yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın göz önüne almaksızın |
Regardless
of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
2.3. ..., still / yet
| KULLANIMI
..., still/yet + Ving [1] / tümce [2] ÇEVİRİSİ yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karşın |
He
suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in. [2]
3. Given (that)
Yerine göre koşul anlamı da verebilen bu yapı
pek sık kullanılmamaktadır.
Given
her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she is alone.
4. For all
For
all his efforts, he failed.
Aşağıdaki farklı kullanıma dikkat:
ð
|
For all +
tümce = as far as |
CONTRAST CLAUSE
Dilbilgisi kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında
yer alsa da yapı olarak Concession Clause ile aynıdır. Whereas,
while, whilst ile oluşturulur ve Türkçeye en basit olarak "oysa"
sözcüğü ile aktarılır.
REASON CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Because, As, For, Since
Türkçeye "yüklem + -I için / -IndEn ötürü
/ dolayı", "yüklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" şeklinde
aktarılırlar.
Because
he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.
As sözcüğü devrik yapıda kullanılarak da Reason
Clause oluşturabilir. Aynı yapı Concession Clause için de geçerli
olduğu için hangi anlamın çıkarılması gerektiğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
Tired
as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
Tired
as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to make
ends meet.
A. Even though
B.
In spite of
C.
Unless
D.
Because
E.
Even if
I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does
have a good eye for business.
A. although
B.
for
C.
therefore
D.
lest
E.
thus
1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On
account of + the fact that
Türkçeye "[gerçeği(nden)] ötürü / yüzünden
/ sayesinde" şeklinde aktarılırlar.
Owing
to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak
comfortably in his presence.
..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped.
A. Because
B.
Owing to
C.
Regardless of
D.
In spite of
E.
Provided
1.3. As long as
| KULLANIMI
as long as + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ - DIğI sürece / müddetçe |
As
long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as
Because anlamı taşıyan bu yapılar resmi durumlarda
kullanılır.
Thomas
is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because
he knew ...)
1.5. In that
| KULLANIMI
in that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ -mEsI açısından/yüzünden, -DIğI için |
The
evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.
1.6. Now that
Time Clause yapılarda ele alınan Now that
ile aynı anlamı taşır.
1.7. (The reason) why
| KULLANIMI
(The reason) why + tümce + be + because/that ... ÇEVİRİSİ -mE("kişi eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr) |
The
reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.
She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me!
A. how
B.
when
C.
which
D.
whom
E.
why
1.8. While
| KULLANIMI
while + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ hazır ... olduğuna göre/-mIş iken |
While
you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR
2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account
of
| KULLANIMI
because of / due to + owing to + on account of + ad + (Ving)
[1] / + my / his /.. + Ving [2] ÇEVİRİSİ Türkçeye because ile aynı şekilde aktarılırlar. |
Because
of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]
Owing
to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]
2.2. Ving ...,
Önemli bir özellik:
ð
|
Ving
ile time ve reason
anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması
gerekir. |
In
any election campaign, we see that all the candidates promise to bring all
essential facilities to the area, ......
A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote population
B.
in that they were quite successful in bringing service
C.
that has always been neglected by local politicians
D.
which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage system
E.
whose political career depends on the leading party's policies
Seeing
that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...)
Knowing
their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift. (=Because she knew ...)
Having
completed the task, they had a break. (=Because / After they had completed ...)
2.3. Past participle (= V3)
Önemli özellikler:
ð
|
Bu yapı
edilgen özellik taşır. Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir. |
Constructed
according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the
earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...)
2.4. With
| KULLANIMI
with + ad + Ving [1]
with + ad + to + yüklem [2] ÇEVİRİSİ "var iken", -mekte iken, -DIğI için, -DIğIndEn ötürü |
With
the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]
With
so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]
2.5. What with
Yukarıda ele alınan With yapısı ile
aynıdır.
PURPOSE CLAUSE
1. (In order) to, so as to
| KULLANIMI
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yüklem ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -mEk için |
To
open the lid, turn it left.
They
left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.
She
has to hurry in order not to be late.
So as to yapısının aşağıdaki örnekte görülen
kullanımına sık rastlanmaktadır.
He
never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.
He has been studying ..... fail again.
A. to
B.
because of
C.
in order not to
D.
in spite of
E.
even if
2. In order that
| KULLANIMI
in order that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -sIn diye / -mEk için |
The
school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
3. For fear that
| KULLANIMI
for fear that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile |
They
left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
4. Lest
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan
tümcelerde kullanılır.
| KULLANIMI
lest + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ yüklem + -mEmEk için / -mEsIn diye |
They
checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
RESULT CLAUSE
1. So (that), Such that
| KULLANIMI
so (that), such that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ böylece, bu yolla, öyle ki, -sIn diye |
We
announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have
to wait.
They
had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even
the most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the
requirements for application.
Çok önemli bir özellik:
ð
|
So that ile oluşturulan yan
tümcede hemen her zaman bir yardımcı yüklem olur. |
2. Thereby
| KULLANIMI
thereby + Ving ÇEVİRİSİ böylece, bu yüzden, bu yolla, sonuçta |
Because
he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby
deserving three different traffic tickets.
SIMILARITY CLAUSE
1. (Just) as
| KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce [1] / it is/was/.. [2]
Kimi zaman as yerine the way kullanılabilir.
ÇEVİRİSİ gibi |
She
is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]
In
autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]
Bu yapı resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan
anlatımlarda devrik yapı (= inversion) kullanılarak oluşturulabilir.
He
was Catholic, as were most of his friends.
He
believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he
worked for.
.....
it was expected, Peter won the game.
A. The same
B.
As
C.
Likewise
D.
Similar
E.
Contrary
Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanımlar:
ð
|
be that
as it may = öyle oldu ki such ... as |
I
had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside hotel.
A. as / than
B.
so / that
C.
more / that
D.
such / as
E.
the most / as
2. Like
| KULLANIMI
like + ad / him/her/... ; like + tümce ( AmE) ÇEVİRİSİ gibi, benzer |
My
sister isn't much like me.
Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of extinction,
..... the panda.
A. as
B.
as if
C.
even if
D.
like
E.
similar
As ve like farkı:
ð
|
as
=olarak like = gibi |
I
gave her a ring ..... a birthday present.
A. like
B.
as
C.
as if
D.
such as
E.
that
3. As if, as though
| KULLANIMI
as if, as though + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ (sanki) ... (-mIş) gibi |
You
look as if you are about to cry.
We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an
adult.
A. had been
B.
has been
C.
is
D.
were
E.
will be
As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it
hadn't been lived in for a very long time.
A. although
B.
though
C.
because
D.
even if
E.
in case
EXCEPTION CLAUSE
1. But (that)
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan
anlatımlarda kullanılır.
| KULLANIM
but that + tümce [1]
but for me/him/.. to + yüklem [2] ÇEVİRİSİ dışında, haricinde |
Nothing
would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]
Nothing
would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]
2. Except (that), excepting (that)
| KULLANIMI
except/excepting (that) + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dışında |
We
would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.
3. Save that
| KULLANIMI
save that + tümce ÇEVİRİSİ dışında, haricinde |
The
company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small
share in a vast piece of land.
4. Only
Günlük konuşma dilinde kullanılır.
| KULLANIMI
|
| only
+ tümce
|
| ÇEVİRİSİ |
| fakat,
ancak, ama
|
I'd
love to come, only I have no time.
COMMENT CLAUSE
1. Tanım
Tümce içinde paranteze alınmış bir fikir,
yorum, yargı görevi üstlenen ifadelerdir. Tümce içinde altı değişik yapıda
kullanılabilirler.
2. Tümce olarak
There
were no applicants, I believe, for that job.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır.
| God
knows |
Tanrı
bilir (ya) |
| Heaven
knows |
Tanrı
bilir (ya) |
| it grieves
me to tell you |
üzülerek
söylüyorum |
| it has been
claimed |
iddiaya
göre |
| it is reported |
bildirildiğine
göre |
| it is
rumoured |
söylentiye
göre |
| it is
said |
denildiğine
göre/ denir ki |
| it is
true |
şurası da
doğru ki/ doğru olan şu ki |
| it may
interest you to know |
öğrenmek
ilgini(zi) çekebilir |
| it pains me
to tell you |
üzülerek
söylüyorum |
| it
seems |
görünüşe
göre, görünüşe bakılırsa |
| it
transpires |
söylenildiğine
göre |
| I
admit |
bence de/
kabul ediyorum |
| I
agree |
bence de/
kabul ediyorum |
| I ask
myself |
diye
sormaktayım |
| I
assume |
sanırım |
| I
believe |
bence/
sanırım |
| I can
see |
gördüğüm
kadarı ile |
| I
claim |
bence |
| I
consider |
bence |
| I
daresay |
sanırım |
| I don't
deny |
kabul |
| I
doubt |
hiçsanmam
ama/ pek sanmasam da/ korkarım |
| I
expect |
umarım |
| I fear |
korkarım |
| I feel |
bence |
| I
guess |
sanırım |
| I hear |
duyduğuma
göre |
| I have
heard |
duyduğuma
göre |
| I have heard
tell |
söylenenlere
göre |
| I have no
doubt |
hiç
kuşkum yok |
| I have
read |
okuduğuma
göre |
| I have to
say |
belirtmeliyim
ki |
| I hope |
umarım |
| I
imagine |
sanırım |
| I know |
bildiğime
göre/ biliyorum |
| I may
assume |
sanırım |
| I'm
afraid |
korkarım |
| I'm convinced |
eminim/
inanıyorum ki |
| I'm
delighted to say |
sevinerek
söylüyorum (ki) |
| I'm glad to
say |
sevinerek
söylüyorum (ki) |
| I'm happy to
say |
sevinerek
söylüyorum (ki) |
| I'm pleased
to say |
sevinerek
söylüyorum (ki) |
| I'm sorry to
say |
üzülerek
söylüyorum (ki) |
| I'm
sure |
eminim |
| I'm
told |
bana
anlatılana göre/ duydum ki |
| I must
admit |
kabul/
itiraf etmeliyim ki |
| I must
say |
söylemem
gerekir ki |
| I must tell
you |
anlatmam
gerekir ki |
| I
presume |
sanırım |
| I
regret |
korkarım/
ne yazık ki |
| I regret to
say |
üzülerek söylüyorum
(ki) |
| I
remember |
hatırlıyorum
(da) |
| I see |
bence |
| I
suppose |
sanırım |
| I
think |
bence |
| I
understand |
anlıyorum
ki/ bence |
| I venture to
say |
diyebilirim
ki |
| I wish |
umarım |
| I
wonder |
acaba |
| mind
you |
hatırlarsan(ız) |
| one
hears |
söylenenlere
göre |
| they
allege |
iddiaya
göre |
| they
claim |
iddiaya
göre |
| there is on
doubt |
kuşkusuz |
| they
say |
dediklerinegöre |
| you can
see |
gördüğün(üz)
gibi |
| you
know |
biliyorsun(uz) |
| you may have
heard |
duymuş
olabileceğin(iz) gibi |
| you may
know |
belki
biliyorsun(uz) |
| you must
admit |
kabul
etmelisin(iz) ki |
| you
realise |
anlayacağın(ız)
gibi |
| you
see |
gördüğün(üz)
gibi |
3. As + tümce
Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI gibi/kadarı
ile" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
I'm
working overtime, as you know.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
| as everybody
k |
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder